|
Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
|
L2 cognitive states and the Full Transfer/Full Access model
Bonnie D. Schwartz
University of Durham
Rex A. Sprouse
Indiana University
This article is a defence of the Full Transfer/Full Access (FT/FA) model. FT/FA hypothesizes that the initial state of L2 acquisition is the final state of L1 acquisition (Full Transfer) and that failure to assign a representation to input data will force subsequent restructurings, drawing from options of UG (Full Access). We illustrate the FT/FA model by reviewing our analysis of the developmental Turkish-German Interlanguage data of Schwartz and Sprouse (1994) and then turn to other data that similarly receive straightforward accounts under FT/FA.
We also consider two other competing hypotheses, both of which accept Full Access but not Full Transfer: the Minimal Trees hypothesis (no transfer of functional categories) of Vainikka and Young-Scholten (1994; 1996) and the Weak Transfer hypothesis (no transfer of the values associated with functional categories) of Eubank (1993/94). We provide an example of (extremely robust) L2 acquisition data that highlight the inadequacy of the Minimal Trees hypothesis in regard to stages of Interlanguage subsequent to the L2 initial state. As for Weak Transfer, we show that the morphosyntactic empirical foundations which drive the entire approach are flawed; hence the Weak Transfer hypothesis remains without motivation.
Finally, we consider several conceptual issues relating to transfer. These all argue that the FT/FA model provides the most coherent picture of the L2 initial cognitive state. In short, FT/FA embodies the most suitable programme for understanding comparative Interlanguage development.
Second Language Research, Vol. 12, No. 1,
40-72 (1996)
DOI: 10.1177/026765839601200103
 CiteULike  Complore  Connotea  Del.icio.us  Digg  Reddit  Technorati  Twitter What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
N. Duffield, A. Matsuo, and L. Roberts
Factoring out the parallelism effect in VP-ellipsis: English vs. Dutch contrasts
Second Language Research,
October 1, 2009;
25(4):
427 - 467.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Lardiere
Some thoughts on the contrastive analysis of features in second language acquisition
Second Language Research,
April 1, 2009;
25(2):
173 - 227.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Dekydtspotter and C. Renaud
On the contrastive analysis of features in second language acquisition: uninterpretable gender on past participles in English--French processing
Second Language Research,
April 1, 2009;
25(2):
255 - 267.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Montrul and J. Yoon
Putting parameters in their proper place
Second Language Research,
April 1, 2009;
25(2):
291 - 311.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Perales, M. d. P. Garcia Mayo, and J. M. Liceras
The acquisition of L3 English negation by bilingual (Spanish/Basque) learners in an institutional setting
International Journal of Bilingualism,
March 1, 2009;
13(1):
3 - 33.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Rothman
Knowledge of A/A'-dependencies on subject extraction with two types of infinitives in non-native Portuguese adult bilingualism
International Journal of Bilingualism,
March 1, 2009;
13(1):
111 - 140.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Marsden
Pair-list readings in Korean-Japanese, Chinese-Japanese and English-Japanese interlanguage
Second Language Research,
April 1, 2008;
24(2):
189 - 226.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Zdorenko and J. Paradis
The acquisition of articles in child second language English: fluctuation, transfer or both?
Second Language Research,
April 1, 2008;
24(2):
227 - 250.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. S. Morrison
L1-Spanish speakers' acquisition of the English /i/-I/ contrast: duration-based perception is not the initial developmental stage.
Language and Speech,
January 1, 2008;
51(Pt 4):
285 - 315.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Hara
Input, triggering and poverty of the stimulus in the second language acquisition of Japanese passives
Second Language Research,
October 1, 2007;
23(4):
419 - 458.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Bardel and Y. Falk
The role of the second language in third language acquisition: the case of Germanic syntax
Second Language Research,
October 1, 2007;
23(4):
459 - 484.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Pienemann and G. HAkansson
Response article Full transfer vs. developmentally moderated transfer: a reply to Bohnacker
Second Language Research,
October 1, 2007;
23(4):
485 - 493.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Hu and C. Liu
Restrictive relative clauses in English and Korean learners' second language Chinese
Second Language Research,
July 1, 2007;
23(3):
263 - 287.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Yuan
Japanese speakers' second language Chinese wh-questions: a lexical morphological feature deficit account
Second Language Research,
July 1, 2007;
23(3):
329 - 357.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Suda and S. Wakabayashi
The acquisition of pronominal case-marking by Japanese learners of English
Second Language Research,
April 1, 2007;
23(2):
179 - 214.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. M. Tsimpli and M. Dimitrakopoulou
The Interpretability Hypothesis: evidence from wh-interrogatives in second language acquisition
Second Language Research,
April 1, 2007;
23(2):
215 - 242.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Bolonyai
(In)vulnerable agreement in incomplete bilingual L1 learners
International Journal of Bilingualism,
March 1, 2007;
11(1):
3 - 23.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y.-k. I. Leung
Third language acquisition: why it is interesting to generative linguists
Second Language Research,
January 1, 2007;
23(1):
95 - 114.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
U. Bohnacker
When Swedes begin to learn German: from V2 to V2
Second Language Research,
October 1, 2006;
22(4):
443 - 486.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Lozano
Focus and split-intransitivity: the acquisition of word order alternations in non-native Spanish
Second Language Research,
April 1, 2006;
22(2):
145 - 187.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Rule and E. Marsden
The acquisition of functional categories in early French second language grammars: the use of finite and non-finite verbs in negative contexts
Second Language Research,
April 1, 2006;
22(2):
188 - 218.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Montrul
On the bilingual competence of Spanish heritage speakers: Syntax, lexical-semantics and processing
International Journal of Bilingualism,
March 1, 2006;
10(1):
37 - 69.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Sabourin, L. A. Stowe, and G. J. de Haan
Transfer effects in learning a second language grammatical gender system
Second Language Research,
January 1, 2006;
22(1):
1 - 29.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Tremblay
On the second language acquisition of Spanish reflexive passives and reflexive impersonals by French- and English-speaking adults
Second Language Research,
January 1, 2006;
22(1):
30 - 63.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Conradie
Investigating the acquisition of the Split-IP parameter and the V2 parameter in second language Afrikaans
Second Language Research,
January 1, 2006;
22(1):
64 - 94.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Hopp
Constraining second language word order optionality: scrambling in advanced English-German and Japanese-German interlanguage
Second Language Research,
January 1, 2005;
21(1):
34 - 71.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Archibald
Interfaces in the prosodic hierarchy: New structures and the phonological parser
International Journal of Bilingualism,
March 1, 2004;
8(1):
29 - 50.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Broselow
Unmarked structures and emergent rankings in second language phonology
International Journal of Bilingualism,
March 1, 2004;
8(1):
51 - 65.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. J. Hertel
Lexical and discourse factors in the second language acquisition of Spanish word order
Second Language Research,
October 1, 2003;
19(4):
273 - 304.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Thomas
Two textbook representations of second language acquisition and Universal Grammar: 'access' and 'constraint'
Second Language Research,
October 1, 2003;
19(4):
359 - 376.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Haznedar
The status of functional categories in child second language acquisition: evidence from the acquisition of CP
Second Language Research,
January 1, 2003;
19(1):
1 - 41.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Slabakova
Semantic evidence for functional categories in interlanguage grammars
Second Language Research,
January 1, 2003;
19(1):
42 - 75.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Wakabayashi
Contributions of the study of Japanese as a second language to our general understanding of second language acquisition and the definition of second language acquisition research
Second Language Research,
January 1, 2003;
19(1):
76 - 94.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Goncalves
The role of ambiguity in second language change: the case of Mozambican African Portuguese
Second Language Research,
October 1, 2002;
18(4):
325 - 347.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. E. Carroll
Induction in a modular learner
Second Language Research,
July 1, 2002;
18(3):
224 - 249.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Hakansson, M. Pienemann, and S. Sayehli
Transfer and typological proximity in the context of second language processing
Second Language Research,
July 1, 2002;
18(3):
250 - 273.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Wakabayashi
The acquisition of non-null subjects in English: a minimalist account
Second Language Research,
January 1, 2002;
18(1):
28 - 71.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
U. Lakshmanan and L. Selinker
Analysing interlanguage: how do we know what learners know?
Second Language Research,
October 1, 2001;
17(4):
393 - 420.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Yuan
The status of thematic verbs in the second language acquisition of Chinese: against inevitability of thematic-verb raising in second language acquisition
Second Language Research,
July 1, 2001;
17(3):
248 - 272.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Herschensohn
Missing inflection in second language French: accidental infinitives and other verbal deficits
Second Language Research,
July 1, 2001;
17(3):
273 - 305.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Dekydtspotter
The Universal Parser and interlanguage: domain-specific mental organization in the comprehension of combien interrogatives in English-French interlanguage
Second Language Research,
April 1, 2001;
17(2):
91 - 143.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Montrul
First-language-constrained variability in the second-language acquisition of argument-structure-changing morphology with causative verbs
Second Language Research,
April 1, 2001;
17(2):
144 - 194.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Dekydtspotter and R. A. Sprouse
Mental design and (second) language epistemology: adjectival restrictions of wh-quantifiers and tense in English-French interlanguage
Second Language Research,
January 1, 2001;
17(1):
1 - 35.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. C. Klein
(Mis)construing null prepositions in L2 intergrammars: a commentary and proposal
Second Language Research,
January 1, 2001;
17(1):
37 - 70.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Parodi
Finiteness and verb placement in second language acquisition
Second Language Research,
October 1, 2000;
16(4):
355 - 381.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. B.-V roman and N. Yoshinaga
The acquisition of multiple wh-questions by high-proficiency non-native speakers of English
Second Language Research,
January 1, 2000;
16(1):
3 - 26.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. F. Roebuck, M. A. Martinez-Arbelaiz, and J. I. Perez-Silva
Null subjects, filled CPs and L2 acquisition
Second Language Research,
July 1, 1999;
15(3):
251 - 282.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Slabakova
The parameter of aspect in second language acquisition
Second Language Research,
July 1, 1999;
15(3):
283 - 317.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Camacho
From SOV to SVO: the grammar of interlanguage word order
Second Language Research,
April 1, 1999;
15(2):
115 - 132.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Liceras, E. Valenzuela, and L. Diaz
L1/L2 Spanish grammars and the pragmatic deficit hypothesis
Second Language Research,
April 1, 1999;
15(2):
161 - 190.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Montrul
Causative errors with unaccusative verbs in L2 Spanish
Second Language Research,
April 1, 1999;
15(2):
191 - 219.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. B. Mandell
On the reliability of grammaticality judgement tests in second language acquisition research
Second Language Research,
January 1, 1999;
15(1):
73 - 99.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Dekydtspotter, R. A. Sprouse, and B. Anderson
Interlanguage A-bar dependencies: binding construals, null prepositions and Universal Grammar
Second Language Research,
October 1, 1998;
14(4):
341 - 358.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Lardiere
Dissociating syntax from morphology in a divergent L2 end-state grammar
Second Language Research,
October 1, 1998;
14(4):
359 - 375.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Paradis, M. Le Corre, and F. Genesee
The emergence of tense and agreement in child L2 French
Second Language Research,
July 1, 1998;
14(3):
227 - 256.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. A. Montrul
The L2 acquisition of dative experiencer subjects
Second Language Research,
January 1, 1998;
14(1):
27 - 61.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Klein and C. Perdue
The Basic Variety (or: Couldn't natural languages be much simpler?)
Second Language Research,
October 1, 1997;
13(4):
301 - 347.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Meisel
The L2 Basic Variety as an I-language
Second Language Research,
October 1, 1997;
13(4):
374 - 385.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. D. Schwartz
On the basis of the Basic Variety...
Second Language Research,
October 1, 1997;
13(4):
386 - 402.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Hawkins and C. Y.-h. Chan
The partial availability of Universal Grammar in second language acquisition: the 'failed functional features hypothesis'
Second Language Research,
July 1, 1997;
13(3):
187 - 226.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Meisel
The acquisition of the syntax of negation in French and German: contrasting first and second language development
Second Language Research,
July 1, 1997;
13(3):
227 - 263.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Eubank
Negation in early German-English Interlanguage: more Valueless Features in the L2 initial state
Second Language Research,
January 1, 1996;
12(1):
73 - 106.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
